Discovery of Lightning conductor: The lightning Conductor, a highly useful invention, was the brain-child of the american , Benjamin Franklin(1706-90). Franklin was a brilliant man. He was an economist , a writer, a painter , and a scientist. He has been called ' The first civilized American' and the courage of his ideas earned him the name of ' the Voltaire of America'. Franklin invented several objects that are now familiar. These include spectacles with bifocal lenses and a stove that bore his name. His highest achievement in the field of science was the invention of the lightning conductor. The study of electricity received a great impetus during the 1700's. Franklin took part in these studies and set out to prove that lightening flash was the discharge of electricity.
                                  In 1752 he carried out his famous experiment in which he flew a silk kite with an iron point on it.Franklin used a metal wire to hoist the kite into a thunderstorm. He wore silk gloves to protect himself. As the kite rose into the thunderclouds it was struck by a bolt of lightening. The electrical charge ran down the wire and into the ground. On the basis of his experiment the first lightening conductor was made.

Discovery of Vitamins: Englishman Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins is given credit for discovery of the vitamin concept when , in 1906, he determined that food contains essential ingredients beyond carbohydrates, minerals,fats proteins , and water. Hopkins shared the 1929 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for his discovery of growth - stimulating vitamins. Polish born Casimir Funk(US) made great advances in 1912 when he hypothesized that certain diseases such as beriberi, scurvy, pallagra, and rickets are caused by deficiency of nutrients he called " Vitamines".
                   In 1913 Eloner Vernon Mc Collum and Marguerite Davis, American biochemists found Vitamin A in butter and egg yolk. Thomas Burn Osborne(US) made the discovery simultaneously , but Mc Collum was able to publish his Davis ' findings first. In 1915 Mc Collum labelled the substance " fat-soluble A", a name changed to "Vitamin A" in 1920 by British biochemist Jack Cecil Drummond. In 1937 American chemists Harry Nicolls Holmes and Ruth Elizabeth Corbet isolated Vitamin A as crystals from cod liver oil. Edward Veddar (US) and Robert Williams are given credit for being the first to detect water soluble vitamin B in 1912 as an anti neuritic substance effective in curing pigeons of neuritis, a diseases similar to that of beriberi in humans. Three years after this discovery, Elmer Vernon Mc Collum (US) and Marguerite Davis (US) labelled it "water soluble B", which British biochemist Jack Cecil Drummond changes to" Vitamin B" in 1920. Robert Williams (US) synthesized Vitamin B1 in 1934 and came to realize the existence of the B-Vitamin complex.
                  During the 1920s,Jack Cecil Drummond suggested that an antiscurvy factor postulated by polish-born Casimir Funk was a substance called Vitamin C. A Hungarian-born biochemist , Albert Szent Gyorgyi(US) succeeded in isolating Vitamin C in 1932. He was awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology. simultaneously in 1932, Charles Glen King, an American biochemist also isolated VitaminC and went on in 1933 to determine its structure. Also in 1933, Tadeus Reichstein (Switzerland ) synthesized Ascorbic acid. In 1934 , Sir Walter Norman Haworth, an English Chemist, synthesized it independently of Reichshein and suggested the name ascorbic acid. In 1922, Elmer Vernon Mc Collum and his colleagues determined that an anti ricketic substance existed as a nutrient in cod liver oil. They called this nutrient VitaminD. In 1926 British biochemists otto Rosenheim and T.A webster found that sunlight converted a steroid called "ergosterol" into Vitamin D. At the same time German Chemist Adolf Windaus made a similar discovery independently, contributing to his 1928 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
                  In 1922 Herbert Mc Lean Evans(US) and K.J, Scott(US) suggested the existence of a fertility substance in such foods as fresh lettuce, wheat germ, and dried alfalfa leaves. In 1923 barnett Sure (US) recommended that the substance be called Vitamin E. he extended the list of foods rich in Vitamin E which include polished rice, yellow maize, and rolled oats to isolate Vitamin E in 1936, and named it " tocopherol",.from the Greek and the word meaning is "to bear children".
                  In the 1930's Danish Biochemist Car Peter Henrik discovered Vitamin K and found it to be a factor in blood clotting.In 1939 Edward Adelbert Doisy isolated it and determined its structure.Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel prize in Medicine and physiology for their research. Thus the vitamins were discovered and named.

Discovery of the Cinema: The first important event in the history of the cinema world was the astonizingdiscovery of two Frenchmen, Niepce and Daguerre, in 1824 and 1839 respectively, of a way of printing images on film. Not long afterwards another Frenchman, Marley announced that he had invented the 'photographic rifle'. The invention made it possible to take twelve pictures per second, with the help of a revolving chamber. 
              In the nineteenth century a Belgium scientist called Plateau invented a children's toy which was an important step in the development of Cinematography. In fact, he called his invention a children's Cinematograph. After this it appeared in various form under names such as the Zoetrope and the Praxinoscope.Eventually a Proxinoscope was produced which could project a simple moving picture of the kind which today it would be called as an animated cartoon.

Bunsen Burner : We know that Bunsen burner is a gas burner. It consists of a tube with a small gas jet at the lower end and adjustable air inlet by means of which the heat of the flame can be controlled. it is used in laboratories. It produces a hot non-luminous (less brighter) flame if the air and gas mixture is about three parts air to one of gas. Bunsen burner was invented by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) , a German chemist. The English physicist and chemist, Michael Faraday( 1791-1867) also designed previously a burner that worked on very much the same general principle. Over the years several varieties of Bunsen burners have been made with the improvement in the control and mixing of the air and gas giving greater heat and enabling different sizes of flames to be obtained. There are devices for spreading the flame and lot of fittings are made to go on the top of the tube for fittings are made to go on the top of the tube for holding test tubes etc. Bunsen burner is the main source of heat in the laboratory for various experimental purpose.

Discovery of Pendulum: The great Italian Scientist , Galileo , made a famous discovery in 1581, while still a teenager.While attending services in Pisa cathedral , he saw a chandelier swinging in the air. It seemed that the chandelier always took the same time to swing first one way and then the other, regardless of how far it swung each time. As there were no accurate clocks in those days, Galileo measured the time of each swing by feeling his pulse and counting the beats. The answer was always the same.
   what Galileo had discovered was the pendulum. Using this, it is possible to built the clocks to kept time accurately. pendulum is also used to calculate the gravity of the earth easily.

Discovery of Balloon :A balloon is an airtight bag of rubber ,plastic or coated fabric. It is filled with the gas, lighter than air which enables the balloon to rise through the atmosphere. Big balloons can carry men or cargo aloft but small ones are commonly used as children's toys. these gases namely as hydrogen, helium and Hot air are used to fill a balloon. hydrogen is the lightest of all gases It has the ability to carry a balloon to great heights, but it is dangerous to handle as it tends to explode. Hot air is thinner than the cold air and the lighter. It is used in some balloons, which have a burner under a hole in the bag to provide heat.Balloons, intended to carry people or cargo,consist of a gas bag from which hangs basket. It is fitted with automatic or hand operated controls to direct the balloon's flight , upward or downwards. Usually balloons just drift with the wind. The balloons that can be steered thus are called Dirigibles. In generals , the more the lighter-than- air gas the bag holds, the more the balloon expands. J.M. and J.E. Montgolfiers made the first successful balloon flight on June5,1783. In a field near Annonay,France,they filled a bag at 33 ft in diameter with hot air from a fire. The bag rose 1000 ft and stayed up for ten minutes. Now-a-days scientist and meteorologists are using balloons, filled with helium for a variety of purposes. They launch instrument-carrying balloons to study the upper atmosphere, to assist in recording wind flow around the earth and to detect cosmic Rays from outer space.
         For several hundred years balloons were commn in war. Nepoleon formed a balloon corps as part of his army;during Franco-Prussian war, balloon carried message ad military officers too. In world War 1 the balloons were used as the barrage balloons. They were kept floating over London city preventing the enemy war planes to use the air-space.

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