In 1877 , the American astronomer Asaph Hall became the first human to see a satellite of Mars. Shortly afterward , he charted the positions of two Mars moons,naming the inner Satellite Phobos("fear") and the outer one Deimos("terror") after the chariot horses of mars in the Greek Mythology. The Craters of Phobos and Demos were caused by collisions with small bits of meteoritic debries. The largest crater on Phobos is 8km(5 mi) across. It is named stickney the maiden name of Mrs Hall who encouraged her husband's Successful search for the satellite. A collision Violent enough to create such a crater would release as much energy as 100000 atom bombs of the Hiroshima size , or about 1000 Hydrogen bombs of megaton size.
                     Decades of interest in the comparative paleontology of Mars and Earth, as well as the potential habitability of Mars, have led to emphasis on Mars as the major target of planetary exploration, especially in the Soviet Union. In the United States, the president's National Commission on Space in 1986 urged a permanently inhabited Martian base as a long-term space goal. The Soviet Union has already announced plans for an unmanned mission to Phobos in 1989 that will maneuver within about 50 yd of that moon and then send over a lander that can hop from site to site to site analyzing surface chemistry.

                     NASA plans a "Mars Observer" that would orbit Mars and gather new data on surface mineral composition,atmospheric dust , and geological structures, but its launch has been delayed from 1990 to 1992 . The Russians , however , have discussed ambitious plans to shift their focus in space exploration from Venus to Mars. They have announced plans for unmanned surface exploration featuring one or more balloons that would touch down on the surface at night and rise in the day. This mission , in 1994 , might include a surface module or roving surface vehicle. The Russians have also discussed a sample - return mission in the 1990's , and there is much enthusiasm on both sides to do this as a joint U.S - USSR undertaking, making it a test case for international technical cooperation. The samples would confirm the origin of the proposed Martian meteorites and would characterize other locales on the red planet. American and Soviet researchers hope to coordinate the work of all vehicles near Mars in the 1990's, but U.S scientists are frustrated by lack of funding for new Mars missions. Meanwhile , the Soviet Union has proceeded with its manned program near Earth, where its astronauts have stayed in orbit for periods comparable in time to a Martian expedition.It is rumored they may be building towards manned expedition. It is rumored they may be building toward manned expeditions around Mars or even to its surface , perhaps around the turn of the century.On 2016 , Russia had launch Phobos grant Spacecraft to mass which became a failure.
                  On May 30th 2020 NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken were strapped into a space X - Dragon capsule a top a Falcon 9 rocket. Within their Successful launch into orbit, one day later they docked with the international Space Station. But this was not just any routine missions , it was the first launch of astronauts by a private company and the return of human Space flight to the U.S after the retirement of the Space Shuttle back in 2011. This mission is known as Demos-2 mark's the culmination of NASA's commercial program. On 2016 china started the mars mission. On 2017 July china exposed a heavy instrumental Rocket. The rocket is launch on July and August 2020. Similar mission were launch by UAE,"Hope" and USA mission "perseverance".
 The China mission "Tianwen-1" aim is to collect the information of environment and the surface of  Mars and search the traces of water.The "Tianwen-1" is going to landed om Mars on February 2021. Theses Rocket carries three important parts; Orbiter, Lander and Rover. Orbiter will rotates around Mars, Lander will Land on the Mars and Rover will explore the Mars to collect the data from the Mars surface. 
                      The Orbiter is equipped with six scientific instrument Viz: Medium Resolution Camera (MRC). It observe the surface from 400km above the Mars resolution to 100 meters.Next is High Resolution Camera(HRC) with resolution of 400km - 2 meters. Mars Magnetometer, Mars mineral Spectometer , Orbiter Sub Surface Radar, Mars Ion and Neutral particle Analyzer. Similarly, 240 kg Rover will land on the Mars with all six scientific instruments and six additional instruments like: Ground Penetrating Radar which can penetrate about 330 ft below the surface. Mars surface Magnetic Field Detector, Mars Meteorological Measurement Instrument,Mars Surface Compound Detector, Multi- Spectral Camera, Navigation and topographic camera. Rover works for 90 Martian days on Mars. There are 18 Mission Launched to send Landers and Rover and only 10 mission get succeed 9 of USA and 1 of Russia. Russia Rover become contact less after landing on Mars. China aim to collect the sample from Mars till 2030.

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